Swift Jr. arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate Allied POWs, and were accompanied by French government official Jean Sainteny. Later on, he denounced Chinese aid to the Việt Minh, explained that the United States could not act openly because of international pressure, and concluded with the call to "all concerned nations" concerning the necessity of "a collective defense" against "the communist aggression". Hollywood made a film about Dien Bien Phu in 1955, Jump into Hell, directed by David Butler and scripted by Irving Wallace, before his fame as a bestselling novelist. to fight in French Indochina, which was then occupied by the Japanese. [70][71], A strong anti-war movement came into existence in France driven mostly by the then-powerful French Communist Party (outpowering the socialists) and its young militant associations, major trade unions such as the General Confederation of Labour, and notable leftist intellectuals. Several hit-and-run ambushes were successfully operated and carried out by the Việt Minh against French Union military convoys along the neighboring Route Coloniale 4 (RC 4) roadway, which was a major supply passage in Tonkin (northern Vietnam). Every effort by Võ Nguyên Giáp to break the De Lattre Line failed, and every attack he made was answered by a French counter-attack that destroyed his forces. An armistice was signed between Japan and the United States on August 20, 1945. By 1884 Vietnam had been divided into 3 territories & French law & culture were taking hold. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, De-escalation, negotiation, and Vietnamization, The United States negotiates a withdrawal, Lyndon B. Johnson: Election and the Vietnam War. In September 1945, Chinese forces entered Tonkin, and a small British task force landed at Saigon. After over one year of latent conflict, all-out war broke out in December 1946 between French and Việt Minh forces as Hồ Chí Minh and his government went underground. [105] [106], The Soviet Union was the other major ally of the Việt Minh aside from the PRC, supplying GAZ-built trucks, truck engines and motor-parts, fuel, tyres, many different kinds of arms and weapons (including thousands of Škoda-manufactured light machine-guns of Czech origin), all kinds of ammunition (ranging from rifle to machine-gun ammunition), various types of anti-aircraft guns (such as the 37mm air-defense gun) and even cigarettes and tobacco products. Because of the political context, it could find stability only by an alliance between the three dominant [citation needed] The prisoners taken at Điện Biên Phủ were the greatest number the Việt Minh had ever captured: one-third of the total captured during the entire war. There had been fighting in Vietnam for decades before the Vietnam War began. [95] Some Japanese were captured by the Việt Minh during the last months of the war and were recruited in to their ranks. Finally, with their shattering defeat by the Viet Minh at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in May 1954, the French came to the end of their rule in Indochina. The accords established the 17th parallel (latitude 17° N) as a temporary demarcation line separating the military forces of the French and the Viet Minh. The French Indochina War broke out in 1946 and went on for eight years, with France’s war effort largely funded and supplied by the United States. The 1946 Constitution creating the Fourth Republic (1946–1958) made France a parliamentary republic. [citation needed] Fighting broke out in Haiphong between the Việt Minh government and the French over a conflict of interest in import duty at the port. Early Vietnamese resistance centered on the intellectual Phan Bội Châu. Emperor Bảo Đại collaborated with the Japanese, just as he had with the French, ensuring his lifestyle could continue. Within the framework of the French Union, France also granted independence to the other nations in Indochina, the Kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia. [86] Another allied minority was the Muong people (Mường). Clodfelter, Michael, Vietnam in Military Statistics (1995), Stanley Kutler: Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War (1996), T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996), Eckhardt, William, in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987–88 (12th ed., 1987) by, Chinese General Hoang Minh Thao and Colonel Hoang Minh Phuong quoted by Pierre Journoud researcher at the Defense History Studies (CHED), Paris University Pantheon-Sorbonne, in. [60] Đông Khê fell on September 18. One, Taiwan Documents Project, "The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960", "Le Gouvernement provisoire et la Quatrième République (1944–1958)", "Dien Bien Phu, Chronicles of a Forgotten Battle", "France's war against Communists rages on", "Guerre d'Indochine: Libérez Henri Martin", "France History, IV Republic (1946–1958)", "We wanted a newspaper to tell what we wanted" interview by Denis Jeambar & Roland Mihail, "General Challe's appeal (April 22, 1961)", "USS Skagit and Operation Passage To Freedom", "UQAM | Guerre d'Indochine | TORTURE, FRENCH", Original audio recordings of General de Castries (Dien Bien Phu) and General Cogny (Hanoi) transmissions on May 7, 1954, during the battle of Dien Bien Phu (from the European Navigator based in Luxembourg), "Japan-Vietnam relations, were based on the performance of Japanese volunteers in Vietnam Independence War", "20th century - Which Japanese military officers helped Ho Chi Minh? Pages 61-62. [77], A few hours after the French Union defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954, United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles made an official speech depicting the "tragic event" and "its defense for fifty seven days and nights will remain in History as one of the most heroic of all time." Giáp by now had control over most of Tonkin beyond the De Lattre line. The French were fighting in Vietnam to maintain their colonial power and to regain their national pride after the humiliation of World War II. French plantation and mine owners made fortunes during the colonial period of “civilizing” the region. Each side lost nearly 5,000 men in this campaign, and it showed that the war was far from over. Traductions en contexte de "the war in vietnam" en anglais-français avec Reverso Context : The next big issue of contention was the war in Vietnam. The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam) began in French Indochina on December 19, 1946, and lasted until July 20, 1954. The war ended in May, with the French agreeing to minor territorial revisions which restored formerly Thai areas to Thailand. American President Franklin D. Roosevelt and General Joseph Stilwell privately made it clear that France was not to reacquire French Indochina after the war was over. [citation needed] The Việt Minh victory at Điện Biên Phủ heavily influenced the outcome of the 1954 Geneva accords that took place on July 21. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communistallies… Châu looked to Japan, which had modernized and was one of the few Asian nations to successfully resist European colonization. Japanese forces located south of that line surrendered to him and those to the north surrendered to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. One of the most famous attacks of this nature was the Battle of Cao Bằng. "Indochina War" redirects here. If no satisfying solution has been reached at this date, you will be freed from the contract which would have tied us together, and my government will give its dismissal to the President of the Republic.[65]. The Việt Minh were militarily ineffective in the first few years of the war and could do little more than harass the French in remote areas of Indochina. [citation needed]. Nationalism grew until World War II, providing a break in French control. After the end of the Korean War and the resolution of the First Taiwan Strait Crisis, China stepped up involvement in the Indochina Wars, viewing the presence of potentially hostile forces in Indochina as the main threat. Encountering little opposition, the French and Tai units operating from Lai Châu to the north patrolled the hills. As a result, General Georges Revers was dismissed in December 1949 and socialist Defense Ministry Jules Moch (SFIO) was brought on court by the National Assembly on November 28, 1950. Many former Imperial Japanese Army soldiers fought with the Việt Minh—perhaps as many as 5,000 volunteered their services throughout the war. In December, hostilities between the Việt Minh and the French broke out in Hanoi, and Hồ Chí Minh was forced to evacuate the capital in favor of remote forested and mountainous areas. [102][103] 2,000 military advisors from the PRC and the Soviet Union trained the Việt Minh guerrilla forces with the aim of turning it into a full-fledged armed force to fight off their French colonial masters and gain national independence. Nationalism grew until World War II, providing a break in French control. Salan correctly guessed what the Việt Minh were up to and cancelled the operation on November 14, beginning to withdraw back to the De Lattre Line. Mao Zedong considered it necessary to buttress the Viet Minh to secure his country's southern flank against potential interference by the westerners, while the bulk of the PRC's regular military forces participated in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. Điện Biên Phủ had a number of advantages: it was on a Việt Minh supply route into Laos on the Nam Yum River, it had an old airstrip for supply, and it was situated in the Tai hills where the Tai tribesmen, still loyal to the French, operated. They were captured in enemy-controlled villages, and those who refused to join the State of Vietnam's army were considered prisoners or used as coolies to support a given regiment.[94]. The Tai Battalion 2 (BT2, 2e Bataillon Thai) is infamous for its desertion during the siege of Dien Bien Phu. The war gradually escalated into the Second Indochina War, more commonly known as the Vietnam War in the West and the American War in Vietnam. [109], Twenty four Central Intelligence Agency (Civil Air Transport) pilots supplied the French Union garrison during the siege of Dien Bien Phu by airlifting paratroopers, ammunition, artillery pieces, tons of barbed wire, medics and other military materiel. Or would you like to join other French expats on an excursion to discover sights and landmarks – e.g. According to Arthur J. Dommen, the Việt Minh assassinated 100,000–150,000 civilians during the war; total civilian deaths are estimated at 400,000. [citation needed] During the early 1950s, the southern areas of China, by then under communist rule and allied with the anti-French Việt Minh, was used as a sanctuary by their guerrilla troops. Japanese forces allowed the Việt Minh and other nationalist groups to take over public buildings and weapons without resistance, which began the August Revolution. At this session tension was so high between politicians that fighting ensued in the assembly following communist deputies' speeches against the Indochinese policy. By the subsequent definitive treaty, the French protectorate of Vietnam was recognized, terminating the… I have longly studied the report ... consulted the most qualified military and diplomatic experts. Vietnam War, (1954–75), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. On November 14, 1951, the French seized Hòa Bình, 25 miles (40 km) west of the De Lattre Line, by a parachute drop and extended their perimeter. [citation needed] The same day, Hồ Chí Minh declared Vietnam's independence from France. [38] The Imperial Japanese Army, being the only force capable of maintaining law and order, remained in power while keeping French colonial troops and Sainteny detained.[39]. Thai military successes were limited to the Cambodian border area, and in January 1941 Vichy France's modern naval forces soundly defeated the inferior Thai naval forces in the Battle of Ko Chang. With Prince Cường Để, Châu started two organizations in Japan, the Duy Tân hội (Modernistic Association) and Vietnam Cong Hien Hoi. [46][47]), 200,000 troops of the Chinese 1st Army occupied Indochina as far south as the 16th parallel. Late in the year the French launched Operation Lea to take out the Việt Minh communications center at Bắc Kạn. He died there shortly thereafter and was replaced by General Raoul Salan as the overall commander of French forces in Indochina. As a French protectorate, Bizerte, Tunisia, was a major French base. Then the U.S. government gradually began supporting the French in their war effort, primarily through the Mutual Defense Assistance Act, as a means of stabilizing the French Fourth Republic in which the French Communist Party was a significant political force. The French censor cut some violent scenes and made the director change the end of his movie which was seen as "too pessismistic". Lao Issara (1945–1949) Pathet Lao (1949–1954)[1] Translation for 'Vietnam War' in the free English-French dictionary and many other French translations. Looking at a map of the area, Navarre chose the small town of Điện Biên Phủ, located about 10 miles (16 km) north of the Lao border and 175 miles (282 km) west of Hanoi, as a target to block the Việt Minh from invading Laos. The French Indochina War broke out in 1946 and went on for eight years, with France’s war effort … In August Operation Passage to Freedom began, consisting of the evacuation of Catholic and loyalist Vietnamese civilians from communist North Vietnamese persecution. France will remain present in Far-Orient. [96] There were necessary conventional military knowledge such as how to conduct assaults, night attacks, company/battalion level exercises, commanding, tactics, navigation, communications and movements. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. About 325,000 of the 500,000 French troops were Indochinese, almost all of whom were used in conventional units.[84]. [95] For those that stayed behind, fighting with the Việt Minh became a more attractive idea than returning to a defeated and occupied homeland. Explorer. And the French requested and received US help in funding and equipment, including tanks, the French benefiting from the Cold War. As a French colony (later a full province), French Algeria sent local troops to Indochina including several RTA (Régiment de Tirailleurs Algériens) light infantry battalions. At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the Combined Chiefs of Staff decided that Indochina south of latitude 16° north was to be included in the Southeast Asia Command under British Admiral Mountbatten. The Japanese arrested and imprisoned most of the French officials and military officers remaining in the country. In March 1945, Japan launched the Second French Indochina Campaign to oust the Vichy French and formally installed Emperor Bảo Đại as head of the nominally independent Empire of Vietnam. The North, not ready to start a new war and unable to induce its Chinese or Russian allies to act, could do little. A year later, Bảo Đại would be deposed by his prime minister, Ngô Đình Diệm, creating the Republic of Vietnam. On July 31, French General Charles Chanson was assassinated during a propaganda suicide attack at Sa Đéc in South Vietnam that was blamed on the Việt Minh although it was argued in some quarters that Cao Đài nationalist Trình Minh Thế could have been involved in its planning. Up to 1 million Vietnamese civilians were transported from North to South during this period,[113] with around one tenth of that number moving in the opposite direction. Later, in 1954, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower explained the escalation risk, introducing what he referred to as the "domino principle", which eventually became the concept of domino theory. The conflict pitted a range of forces, including the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army against the Việt Minh,[28] led by Hồ Chí Minh[29] and the People's Army of Vietnam led by Võ Nguyên Giáp. He reported to the French government "... that there was no possibility of winning the war in Indo-China", saying that the best the French could hope for was a stalemate. The Cold War was turning 'hot' in East Asia, and the American government feared communist domination of the entire region would have deep implications for American interests. As far as Vietnamese nationalists were concerned, this was a double-puppet government. [citation needed], While Bảo Đại's State of Vietnam (formerly Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina) had the Vietnamese National Army supporting the French forces, some minorities were trained and organized as regular battalions (mostly infantry tirailleurs) that fought with French forces against the Việt Minh. He planned to wait until their supply lines were overextended and then cut them off from the Red River Delta. Colonel Mukaiyama - reportedly a staff officer in the. [109] On February 25, 2005, the French ambassador to the United States, Jean-David Levitte, awarded the seven remaining CIA pilots the Légion d'honneur.[109]. The Cao Bằng garrison was then evacuated south and, together with the relief force coming from That Khe, were attacked all the way by ambushing Việt Minh forces, which resulted in a stunning French defeat in the Battle of Route Coloniale 4. For other uses, see, 1946-1954 war between French Union and Hồ Chí Minh's forces, French offensives, creation of the State of Vietnam (1947–1949), Renewed French success (January–June 1951), French defeat at Dien Bien Phu, end of the war (1954), Mutual Defense Assistance Act (1950–1954), Central Intelligence Agency covert operations (1954), harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFWindrow1998 (.
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