Through monasteries and cathedral schools, the Church was responsible for education in much of Europe. Economies were disrupted by World War I but by the beginning of World War II they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the United States. Europe's remaining eleven monarchies[226] are constitutional. However, no coordinated attempt would be made to drive the Moors out. Feudalism developed in France in the Early Middle Ages and soon spread throughout Europe. Beekes who has argued in favor of a Pre-Indo-European origin for the name, explaining that a derivation from ancient Greek eurus would yield a different toponym than Europa. Euro und die anderen Euro-Länder 77 Mrd. The question was still treated as a "controversy" in geographical literature of the 1860s, with Douglas Freshfield advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the "best possible", citing support from various "modern geographers".[41]. The convention received by the Middle Ages and surviving into modern usage is that of the Roman era used by Roman era authors such as Posidonius,[32] Strabo[33] and Ptolemy,[34] Die Einfuhren stammen zu 76 % aus EU-Mitgliedstaaten (Spanien 31 %, Deutschland 14 % und Frankreich 8 %). However, in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. 2003. [112] The plague is thought to have returned every generation with varying virulence and mortalities until the 18th century. [14], In the 1980s the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev and the Solidarity movement in Poland weakened the previously rigid communist system. [87], In the east a resurgent Byzantine Empire recaptured Crete and Cyprus from the Muslims and reconquered the Balkans. The war left more than 16 million civilians and military dead. "Europe" as used specifically in British English may also refer to Continental Europe exclusively.[27]. [195] Particular hot spots after the Second World War were Berlin and Trieste, whereby the Free Territory of Trieste, founded in 1947 with the UN, was dissolved in 1954 and 1975 respectively. The political map of Europe is substantially derived from the re-organisation of Europe following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. With the exception of Fennoscandia and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe, except for various national parks. [26] There are frequent summer droughts in this region. [258] In 2005, the EU had an overall net gain from immigration of 1.8 million people. In 1721, he produced a more up to date map that was easier to read. In classical Greek mythology, Europa (Ancient Greek: Εὐρώπη, Eurṓpē) was a Phoenician princess. [208] Between 2004 and 2013, more Central and Eastern European countries began joining, expanding the EU to 28 European countries, and once more making Europe a major economical and political centre of power. Dornbusch, Rudiger; Nölling, Wilhelm P.; Layard, Richard G. "Germany (East)", Library of Congress Country Study. 19 EU countries share the euro as a common currency. [220] It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. Not included are the three countries of the United Kingdom with devolved powers and the two Autonomous Regions of Portugal, which despite having a unique degree of autonomy, are not largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs. This ratio was the world's third highest after Japan and Zimbabwe. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off. One view is that her name derives from the ancient Greek elements εὐρύς (eurús), "wide, broad" and ὤψ (ōps, gen. ὠπός, ōpós) "eye, face, countenance", hence their composite Eurṓpē would mean "wide-gazing" or "broad of aspect". Among the smaller European organisations are the Nordic Council, the Benelux, the Baltic Assembly and the Visegrád Group. In June 1944, British and American forces invaded France in the D-Day landings, opening a new front against Germany. However, deforestation and hunting caused these animals to withdraw further and further. Society for Nautical Research., 1990. European ancestry predominates in North America, and to a lesser degree in South America (particularly in Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Brazil, while most of the other Latin American countries also have a considerable population of European origins). [110] Europe was devastated in the mid-14th century by the Black Death, one of the most deadly pandemics in human history which killed an estimated 25 million people in Europe alone—a third of the European population at the time. The most important species in central and western Europe are beech and oak. Although over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of deforestation, Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the broadleaf and mixed forests, taiga of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranean. More recently, the Eurasian Economic Union has been established as a counterpart comprising former Soviet states. The Mariner's mirror, Volumes 76–77. 2002. The Greek government-debt crisis was the sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–08.Widely known in the country as The Crisis (Greek: Η Κρίση), it reached the populace as a series of sudden reforms and austerity measures that led to impoverishment and loss of income and property, as well as a small-scale humanitarian crisis. [84], The Papacy reached the height of its power during the High Middle Ages. [166] Most European nations were drawn into the war, which was fought between the Entente Powers (France, Belgium, Serbia, Portugal, Russia, the United Kingdom, and later Italy, Greece, Romania, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire). Constantine also permanently moved the capital of the empire from Rome to the city of Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople in his honour (modern-day Istanbul) in 330 CE. The geographic border between Europe and Asia does not follow any state boundaries and now only follows a few bodies of water. From the 15th to 18th centuries, when the disintegrating khanates of the Golden Horde were conquered by Russia, Tatars from the Crimean Khanate frequently raided Eastern Slavic lands to capture slaves. [154] The year 1859 saw the unification of Romania, as a nation-state, from smaller principalities. [243] The western states moved to link their economies together, providing the basis for the EU and increasing cross border trade. Euro crisis saves Germany money", "Eurozone crisis saves Germany tens of billions", "Double-dip recession: There's always fantasy island", "Germany Was Biggest Debt Transgressor of 20th Century", "The Danger Debt Poses to the Western World", "European economic forecast â autumn 2014", "Germany balances budget for first time since 1969", "Despite Progress, Euro Crisis Is Far From Over", "German 'hypocrisy' over Greek military spending has critics up in arms", "There's No Getting Around It, Germany Is Taking Over Europe", "German wages to rise but restraint still rules", "Germany launches strategy to counter ECB largesse", "European Economics: Welcome higher German wages", "Recommendation for a Council Recommendation on the implementation of the broad guidelines for the economic policies of the Member States whose currency is the euro", "Germany 'pivotal' to rebalancing eurozone", "US to chide Germany on eurozone growth at G7 meeting", "G7 reaffirms commitment not to depreciate currencies for domestic gain", "Italian showdown with Germany as Enrico Letta rejects 'death by austerity, "Incoherent EU economic policy won't deliver a swift recovery", "Why Germany Will Pay Up to Save the Euro", "Deficits: good marketing in a time of austerity? [57] Iron Age colonisation by the Greeks and Phoenicians gave rise to early Mediterranean cities. Although the schism was eventually healed in 1417, the papacy's spiritual authority had suffered greatly. Previously, these territories were under the successive control of Pechenegs and Cumans. Around 1.1 billion years ago, Baltica and Arctica (as part of the Laurentia block) became joined to Rodinia, later resplitting around 550 million years ago to reform as Baltica. Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009). [156] Formal recognition of the de facto independent principalities of Montenegro, Serbia and Romania ensued at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. Gerald Mako, "The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered", Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 18, 2011, 199–223. This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth. [143] According to Peter Barrett, "It is widely accepted that 'modern science' arose in the Europe of the 17th century (towards the end of the Renaissance), introducing a new understanding of the natural world. Around the same time, Germany moved troops into Denmark. [142] Among the great figures of the Western scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries were Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Isaac Newton. Multilingualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognised political goals in Europe today. [203] This made old previously interrupted cultural and economic relationships possible and previously isolated cities such as Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest and Trieste were now again in the center of Europe. Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna. Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. The water of the Mediterranean extends from the Sahara desert to the Alpine arc in its northernmost part of the Adriatic Sea near Trieste. Germany re-expanded and took back the Saarland and Rhineland in 1935 and 1936. The Treaty of Rome in 1957 established the European Economic Community between six Western European states with the goal of a unified economic policy and common market. In addition, there is new impetus from the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative across the Suez Canal towards Africa and Asia. [59] By 200 BCE, Rome had conquered Italy, and over the following two centuries it conquered Greece and Hispania (Spain and Portugal), the North African coast, much of the Middle East, Gaul (France and Belgium), and Britannia (England and Wales). But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at Kalach-na-Donu (where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the Volga–Don Canal), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. Europe is commonly considered to be separated from Asia by the watershed of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Greater Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. They established the state of the Golden Horde with headquarters in Crimea, which later adopted Islam as a religion and ruled over modern-day southern and central Russia for more than three centuries. The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica, and so may be regarded geologically as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents. On 24 September, the Soviet Union attacked the Baltic countries and later, Finland. "[115], The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the 18th century promoting scientific and reason-based thoughts. Michael Frank: Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic - With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Süddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010. [193] Several post-war expulsions in Central and Eastern Europe displaced a total of about 20 million people,[194] in particular, German-speakers from all over Eastern Europe. [271], "Europe" as a cultural concept is substantially derived from the shared heritage of ancient Greece and the Roman Empire and its cultures. in World Cargo News, 17 December 2019; Hospers, Gert-Jan "Beyond the blue banana? Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crustaceans, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins, and whales. [121][122], Political intrigue within the Church in the mid-14th century caused the Western Schism. The term "Europe" is first used for a cultural sphere in the Carolingian Renaissance of the 9th century. Four years later, in 1725, Philip Johan von Strahlenberg was the first to depart from the classical Don boundary by proposing that mountain ranges could be included as boundaries between continents whenever there were deemed to be no suitable waterways, the Ob and Irtysh Rivers notwithstanding. [102] The invaders, who became known as Tatars, were mostly Turkic-speaking peoples under Mongol suzerainty. [85] The primary source of culture in this period came from the Roman Catholic Church. [185] In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. [77] Charlemagne, a Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty who had conquered most of Western Europe, was anointed "Holy Roman Emperor" by the Pope in 800. [207] In 1967 the EEC, European Coal and Steel Community and Euratom formed the European Community, which in 1993 became the European Union. Adverse impact on the IMF and the credibility of its austerity strategy. A cultural definition of Europe as the lands of Latin Christendom coalesced in the 8th century, signifying the new cultural condominium created through the confluence of Germanic traditions and Christian-Latin culture, defined partly in contrast with Byzantium and Islam, and limited to northern Iberia, the British Isles, France, Christianised western Germany, the Alpine regions and northern and central Italy. ", "AMECO database results: Total revenue of General Government (% of GDP, ESA 2010)", "AMECO database results: Total expenditure of General Government -calculated by ESA 2010 EDP method (% of GDP)", "AMECO database: Structural balance of general government â Adjustment based on potential GDP (Excessive deficit procedure, ESA 2010)", "AMECO database results: Nominal GDP at current marketprices in National Currency", "AMECO database results: Price deflator â gross domestic product at market prices in national currency (index development)", "AMECO database results: Real GDP at constant marketprices in National Currency", "Real GDP growth rate â volume: Percentage change on previous year", "AMECO database results: General government consolidated gross debt (billion â¬, ESA 2010)", "Government consolidated gross debt (millions of National Currency)", "GDP at market prices (millions of National Currency)", "General Government Data autumn 2014: Revenue, Expenditure, Balances and Gross debt (Part 1: Tables by country)", "AMECO database results: Impact of nominal GDP growth on debt-to-GDP ratio", "AMECO database results: Stock-flow adjustment in National Currency", "Cyclical adjustment of Budget Balances â spring 2014", "Fiscal balances 1970â2015: A1 â Cyclically adjusted net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of general government, as a percentage of potential GDP", "Greece and the IMF: Who Exactly is Being Saved? Public debt peaked at â¬356 billion in 2011; it was reduced by a bailout program to â¬305 billion in 2012 and then rose slightly. Once they were found in most parts of Europe. A number of insects, such as the small tortoiseshell butterfly, add to the biodiversity. [84] A struggle for influence between the nobility and the monarchy in England led to the writing of the Magna Carta and the establishment of a parliament. Two other language families reside in the North Caucasus (termed Northeast Caucasian, most notably including Chechen, Avar, and Lezgin; and Northwest Caucasian, most notably including Adyghe). In parallel, the Eastern Question grew more complex ever since the Ottoman defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). ... EU-Länder, in denen der Euro verwendet wird. Spain, for example, has territories south of the Mediterranean Sea namely Ceuta and Melilla which are parts of Africa and share a border with Morocco. Berlin, Germany; Calgary, Canada; and Irkutsk, in far southeastern Russia, lie on around the same latitude; January temperatures in Berlin average around 8 °C (14 °F) higher than those in Calgary, and they are almost 22 °C (40 °F) higher than average temperatures in Irkutsk. During this period giant megalithic monuments, such as the Megalithic Temples of Malta and Stonehenge, were constructed throughout Western and Southern Europe. [186] On 7 December 1941 Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into the conflict as allies of the British Empire and other allied forces.[187][188]. The second most popular religion is Islam (6%)[284] concentrated mainly in the Balkans and Eastern Europe (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Kazakhstan, North Cyprus, Turkey, Azerbaijan, North Caucasus, and the Volga-Ural region). In McKitterick, Rosamund. Europe covers about 10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi), or 2% of the Earth's surface (6.8% of land area), making it the second smallest continent (using the seven-continent model). [86] In Europe itself, the Church organised the Inquisition against heretics. Der 19. [236] The Industrial Revolution started in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century,[237] and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise. The three who chose to remain outside the Eurozone were: the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden. Today wolves (carnivores) and bears (omnivores) are endangered. [230] As with other continents, Europe has a large variation of wealth among its countries. During the decline of the Roman Empire, Europe entered a long period of change arising from what historians call the "Age of Migrations". Important European herbivores are snails, larvae, fish, different birds, and mammals, like rodents, deer and roe deer, boars, and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamois among others. In 1938, Austria became a part of Germany following the Anschluss. During most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. European wild cat, foxes (especially the red fox), jackal and different species of martens, hedgehogs, different species of reptiles (like snakes such as vipers and grass snakes) and amphibians, different birds (owls, hawks and other birds of prey). The Church in fact built Western civilization. Economic growth, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, made possible the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. [231], The European Union, a political entity composed of 27 European states, comprises the largest single economic area in the world. Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe from the 9th to the 12th centuries, with a population of approximately 400,000. Reiche Länder wollen Patente für Impfstoffe weiterhin nicht freigeben ... Wir wissen, dass Journalismus, der in klarer und unvoreingenommener Weise über die EU berichtet, von wesentlicher Bedeutung für die Zukunft der Europäischen Union ist. Albanese Ginammi Alessandro, Conte Giampaolo, Greek Bailouts in Historical Perspective: Comparative Case Studies, 1893 and 2010|The Journal of European Economic History, 2 2016, This page was last edited on 30 March 2021, at 22:44. The currency of most countries of the European Union, the euro, is the most commonly used among Europeans; and the EU's Schengen Area abolishes border and immigration controls between most of its member states and some non-members states. Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate. [209] However, the United Kingdom withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020, as a result of a June 2016 referendum on EU membership.[210]. Europe has about 225 indigenous languages,[268] mostly falling within three Indo-European language groups: the Romance languages, derived from the Latin of the Roman Empire; the Germanic languages, whose ancestor language came from southern Scandinavia; and the Slavic languages.
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