[142], The air pollution in Cairo is a matter of serious concern. In 905, the Abbasids re-asserted control of the country and their governor returned to Fustat, razing al-Qatta'i to the ground. Although the Cairo metropolis extends away from the Nile in all directions, the city of Cairo resides only on the east bank of the river and two islands within it on a total area of 453 square kilometres (175 sq mi). Drivers tend to be aggressive, but are more courteous at junctions, taking turns going, with police aiding in traffic control of some congested areas. [28] As the first Sultan of Egypt, Saladin established the Ayyubid dynasty, based in Cairo, and aligned Egypt with the Abbasids, who were based in Baghdad. Cairo, specifically Ramses Station, is the centre of almost the entire Egyptian transportation network.[103]. However, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is the oldest mosque that still retains its original form and is a rare example of Abbasid architecture from the classical period of Islamic civilization. Lead has been shown to cause harm to the central nervous system and neurotoxicity particularly in children. High temperatures in winter range from 14 to 22 °C (57 to 72 °F), while night-time lows drop to below 11 °C (52 °F), often to 5 °C (41 °F). The metropolis began to encroach on the fertile Nile Delta, prompting the government to build desert satellite towns and devise incentives for city-dwellers to move to them.[78]. [136] Egypt still struggles with poverty, with almost half the population living on $2 or less a day. However, in 1168 the Fatimid vizier Shawar set fire to Fustat to prevent its capture by Amalric, the Crusader king of Jerusalem. The airport is the main international gateway to Portugal. [86][87] Geologically, Cairo lies on alluvium and sand dunes which date from the quaternary period. [146] In 1995, the first environmental acts were introduced and the situation has seen some improvement with 36 air monitoring stations and emissions tests on cars. [131] It is still occupied by the military today, but is now open as a tourist attraction comprising, notably, the National Military Museum, the 14th century Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad, and the 19th century Mosque of Muhammad Ali which commands a dominant position on Cairo's skyline. ... TAAG Air Angola flies direct from Luanda to Sao Paulo. Spanish authorities are holding thousands of migrants, including potential asylum seekers, in camps set up on the islands, hoping to return as many of them to their home countries either voluntarily or through agreements with African governments. [53][54] However, while Muhammad Ali initiated the construction of public buildings in the city,[55] those reforms had minimal effect on Cairo's landscape. [14][15] Its official name al-Qāhirah (Arabic: القاهرة) means "the Vanquisher" or "the Conqueror", supposedly due to the fact that the planet Mars, an-Najm al-Qāhir (Arabic: النجم القاهر, "the Conquering Star"), was rising at the time when the city was founded,[16] possibly also in reference to the much awaited arrival of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mu'izz who reached Cairo in 973 from Mahdia, the old Fatimid capital. The subway system, officially called "Metro (مترو)", is a fast and efficient way of getting around Cairo. Cairo Metropolitan is enlarged to cover all the area within the Governorate limits. Millions of protesters from a variety of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of the regime of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. I also agree to receiving communications by email, post, SMS or social media about my membership account, offers and news from Qatar Airways and Privilege Club, Privilege Club partner offers and market research from time to … Part of that solution is to resume flights of forced returns to Senegal, a program that has been halted since 2018. Twenty thousand buses have also been commissioned to the city to improve congestion levels, which are very high.[147]. [71] The publication has been called a "terrific success", and the edition has been described as one "now widely seen as the official text of the Qur’an", so popular among both Sunni and Shi'a that the common belief among less well-informed Muslims is "that the Qur’an has a single, unambiguous reading". However, the most notable event in the square was being the focal point of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution against former president Hosni Mubarak. [40][41] It was during this same period that al-Azhar University reached the predominance among Islamic schools that it continues to hold today;[42][43] pilgrims on their way to hajj often attested to the superiority of the institution, which had become associated with Egypt's body of Islamic scholars. Many of Cairo's oldest Coptic churches, including the Hanging Church, are located along the fortress walls in a section of the city known as Coptic Cairo. [26] Egypt's capital was permanently moved to Cairo, which was eventually expanded to include the ruins of Fustat and the previous capitals of al-Askar and al-Qatta'i. Egyptians often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصر), the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's importance for the country. The Citadel is located east of the city centre around Islamic Cairo, which dates back to the Fatimid era and the foundation of Cairo. It is estimated that 10,000 to 25,000 people a year in Cairo die due to air pollution-related diseases. He also urged Spain to consider Angolan public sector investments in infrastructure, energy, health care, and education. This problem is hoped to be solved by a new sewer system funded by the European Union, which could cope with the demand of the city. [120] The areas around the old walled city and around the Citadel are characterized by hundreds of mosques, tombs, madrasas, mansions, caravanserais, and fortifications dating from the Islamic era and are often referred to as "Islamic Cairo", especially in English travel literature. The Boulaq district, which lies in the northern part of the city, was born out of a major 16th-century port and is now a major industrial centre. Find out more here Under the rule of President el-Sisi, in March 2015 plans were announced for another yet-unnamed planned city to be built further east of the existing satellite city of New Cairo, intended to serve as the new capital of Egypt. Originally a tented camp (Fustat signifies "City of Tents") Fustat became a permanent settlement and the first capital of Islamic Egypt. For nearly 200 years after Cairo was established, the administrative centre of Egypt remained in Fustat. Water pollution is also a serious problem in the city as the sewer system tends to fail and overflow. and Long. This achievement lead to the President of the Festival again contacting the FIAPF with the request that a competition should be included at the 1991 Festival. Around the turn of the 4th century,[22] as Memphis was continuing to decline in importance,[23] the Romans established a fortress town along the east bank of the Nile. In a televised statement Thursday after his meeting with Sánchez, Lourenço said there were opportunities for Spanish investments in such areas as agriculture, fishing, manufacturing, textiles, and the pharmaceutical sector. Padilla had worked extensively in Africa. The Cairo Tower is a free-standing tower with a revolving restaurant at the top. [134], Today, Cairo is heavily urbanized and most Cairenes now live in apartment buildings. There are new sports clubs in the area of New Cairo (one hour far from Cairo's down town), these are Al Zohour sporting club, Wadi Degla sporting club and Platinum Club. [30] Construction projects initiated by the Mamluks pushed the city outward while also bringing new infrastructure to the centre of the city. Football is the most popular sport in Egypt, and Cairo has a number of sporting teams that compete in national and regional leagues. [127] Today, al-Azhar University is the foremost Center of Islamic learning in the world and one of Egypt's largest universities with campuses across the country. It can get very crowded during rush hour. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran[69][70] for much of the Islamic world. The best known teams are Al Ahly, El Zamalek and Al-Ismaily. [64] Nevertheless, this led to Egypt's independence in 1922. Although no longer on the spice route, the city facilitated the transportation of Yemeni coffee and Indian textiles, primarily to Anatolia, North Africa, and the Balkans. In 1169, Saladin was appointed as the new vizier of Egypt by the Fatimids and two years later he seized power from the family of the last Fatimid caliph, al-'Āḍid. Today, the Egyptian capital has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab world, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, Al-Azhar University. In summer, the highs rarely surpass 40 °C (104 °F), and lows drop to about 20 °C (68 °F). The Headquarters of the Arab League is located in Tahrir Square, near the downtown business district of Cairo. There are twelve years of standard formal education. The low periods created another island at the turn of the 14th century that now composes Zamalek and Gezira. The Khedivial Opera House, or Royal Opera House, was the original opera house in Cairo. No new date has been set for the visit. Cairo produces 10,000 tons of waste material each day, 4,000 tons of which is not collected or managed. President Mubarak inaugurated the new Cairo Opera House of the Egyptian National Cultural Centres on 10 October 1988, 17 years after the Royal Opera House had been destroyed by fire. Cairo is considered a World City with a "Beta +" classification according to GaWC.[8]. [129] The most famous example still intact today is the Wikala al-Ghuri, which nowadays also hosts regular performances by the Al-Tannoura Egyptian Heritage Dance Troupe. Cairo (/ ˈ k aɪ r oʊ / KY-roh; Arabic: القاهرة , romanized: al-Qāhirah, pronounced [ælˈqɑːhɪɾɑ] (), Coptic: ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲏ) is the capital and largest city of Egypt.The Cairo metropolitan area, with a population of 21.3 million, is the 2nd largest in Africa and in the Arab world, and the 6th-largest in the world. [133] Today, the Khan el-Khalili is a major tourist attraction and popular stop for tour groups. In 1992, Cairo was hit by an earthquake causing 545 deaths, injuring 6,512 and leaving around 50,000 people homeless.[79]. [59][60], The immense debt resulting from Isma'il's projects provided a pretext for increasing European control, which culminated with the British invasion in 1882. [84], Cairo is located in northern Egypt, known as Lower Egypt, 165 kilometres (100 mi) south of the Mediterranean Sea and 120 kilometres (75 mi) west of the Gulf of Suez and Suez Canal. Cairo failed at the applicant stage when bidding for the 2008 Summer Olympics, which was hosted in Beijing, China. MADRID (AP) — Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez is on a mini-tour to two African nations that are key in the European country’s new push to bolster ties with the neighboring continent and mitigate the migration flows that many fear could increase as a consequence of the coronavirus pandemic. The annual match between Al Ahly and El Zamalek is one of the most watched sports events in Egypt as well as the African-Arab region. Cairenes can take a standardized test similar to the SAT to be accepted to an institution of higher learning but most children do not finish school and opt to pick up a trade to enter the work force. Cairo would eventually become a centre of learning, with the library of Cairo containing hundreds of thousands of books. Cairo, as well as neighbouring Giza, has been established as Egypt's main centre for medical treatment, and despite some exceptions, has the most advanced level of medical care in the country. The Mamluks, and the later Ottomans, also built wikalas or caravanserais to house merchants and goods due to the important role of trade and commerce in Cairo's economy. [31] Meanwhile, Cairo flourished as a centre of Islamic scholarship and a crossroads on the spice trade route among the civilisations in Afro-Eurasia. [135] Formal education has also become very important. It was designed to measure the level of the Nile, which was important for agricultural and administrative purposes.[125]. Despite being predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not without violent clashes between security forces and protesters, with at least 846 people killed and 6,000 injured. The results of this has been a permanent haze over the city with particulate matter in the air reaching over three times normal levels. The Citadel is a fortified enclosure begun by Salah al-Din in 1176 AD on an outcrop of the Muqattam Hills as part of a large defensive system to protect both Cairo to the north and Fustat to the southwest. [96] Dew points in the hottest months range from 13.9 °C (57 °F) in June to 18.3 °C (65 °F) in August.[97]. There is a new Ring Road that surrounds the outskirts of the city, with exits that reach outer Cairo districts. Single detached houses are symbolic of the wealthy. A committee of teachers chose to preserve a single one of the canonical qira’at "readings", namely that of the "Ḥafṣ" version,[68] an 8th-century Kufic recitation. The Cairo Geniza is an accumulation of almost 200,000 Jewish manuscripts that were found in the genizah of the Ben Ezra synagogue (built 882) of Fustat, Egypt (now Old Cairo), the Basatin cemetery east of Old Cairo, and a number of old documents that were bought in Cairo in the later 19th century. I agree to the terms and conditions of the Privilege Club Programme. The area includes the Coptic Cairo, which holds a high concentration of old Christian churches such as the Hanging Church, the Greek Orthodox Church of St. George, and other Christian or Coptic buildings, most of which are located over the site of the ancient Roman fortress. It was first named Ismailia Square, after the 19th-century ruler Khedive Ismail, who commissioned the new downtown district's 'Paris on the Nile' design. [72], British troops remained in the country until 1956. By 1340, Cairo had a population of close to half a million, making it the largest city west of China. There are a few Coptic names of the city. On occasion, sewage has escaped onto the streets to create a health hazard. A Boeing 727 took off from Quatro de Fevereiro International Airport in Luanda, Angola without clearance or a flight plan on May 25, 2003. [19] Some argue that Mistram (Coptic: ⲙⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ) or Nistram (Coptic: ⲛⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ) is another Coptic name for Cairo, although others think that it's rather a name of an Abbasid capital Al-Askar. It provides a bird's eye view of Cairo to the restaurant patrons. Women are reported to face constant discrimination, sexual harassment, and abuse throughout Cairo. On 30 April 2016, she became the youngest woman to win the Women's World Championship which was held in Malaysia. Then follow the directions and go to the luggage transfer point. Other extant monuments from the Fatimid era include the large Mosque of al-Hakim, the Aqmar Mosque, Juyushi Mosque, Lulua Mosque, and the Mosque of Al-Salih Tala'i. [81] In the following days Tahrir Square continued to be the primary destination for protests in Cairo[82] as it took place following a popular uprising that began on Tuesday, 25 January 2011 and continued until June 2013. Egypt has seven players in the top ten of the PSA men's world rankings, and three in the women's top ten. Concurrently, Cairo has established itself as a political and economic hub for North Africa and the Arab world, with many multinational businesses and organisations, including the Arab League, operating out of the city. [51], Until his death in 1848, Muhammad Ali Pasha instituted a number of social and economic reforms that earned him the title of founder of modern Egypt. Get the Rome2rio app Find the best way to get from A to B, anywhere in the world, on your mobile or tablet. Over the years, the Nile gradually shifted westward, providing the site between the eastern edge of the river and the Mokattam highlands on which the city now stands. For other uses, see, Façade of Terminal 3 at Cairo International Airport, Departures area of Cairo International Airport's Terminal 1, Cairo's automobile assembler and manufacturer. After the original opera house was destroyed, Cairo was without an opera house for nearly two decades until the opening of the new Cairo Opera House in 1988. This was followed by a third consecutive win in Angola 2010, making Egypt the only country with a record 3-consecutive and 7-total Continental Football Competition winner. They have the two biggest football teams in Egypt. It took four years to build the city, initially known as al-Manṣūriyyah,[24] which was to serve as the new capital of the caliphate. This page was last edited on 9 April 2021, at 13:17. The Cairo International Stadium was built in 1960 and its multi-purpose sports complex that houses the main football stadium, an indoor stadium, several satellite fields that held several regional, continental and global games, including the African Games, U17 Football World Championship and was one of the stadiums scheduled that hosted the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations which was played in January 2006. It was built in 876–879 AD in a style inspired by the Abbasid capital of Samarra in Iraq. Rainfall is sparse and only happens in the colder months, but sudden showers can cause severe flooding. (di)Kashromi (Coptic: (ϯ)ⲕⲁϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ) is attested as early as 1211 and is a calque which means "man breaker" ("ⲕⲁϣ-" – to break, "ⲣⲱⲙⲓ" – man) which is akin to Arabic al-Qāhirah . Mohamed El Shorbagy held the world number one position for more than a year before being overtaken by compatriot Karim Abdel Gawad, who is number two behind Gregory Gaultier of France. Cairo is associated with ancient Egypt, as the famous Giza pyramid complex and the ancient city of Memphis are located in its geographical area. [49][50] Continued civil war allowed an Albanian named Muhammad Ali Pasha to ascend to the role of commander and eventually, with the approval of the religious establishment, viceroy of Egypt in 1805. Al Qatta'i was centred around a palace and ceremonial mosque, now known as the Mosque of ibn Tulun. Cairo held its first international film festival 16 August 1976, when the first Cairo International Film Festival was launched by the Egyptian Association of Film Writers and Critics, headed by Kamal El-Mallakh. Cairo has a very poor dispersion factor because of its lack of rain and its layout of tall buildings and narrow streets, which create a bowl effect. [17] The location of the ancient city of Heliopolis is the suburb of Ain Shams (Arabic: عين شمس, "Eye of the Sun"). It is also situated at the nucleus of the Coptic Orthodox community, which separated from the Roman and Byzantine churches in the late 4th century. In 1905 the Heliopolis Oasis Company headed by the Belgian industrialist Édouard Empain and by Boghos Nubar, son of the Egyptian Prime Minister Nubar Pasha built a suburb called Heliopolis ten kilometers from the center of Cairo. In April 2017 she retained her title by winning the Women's World Championship which was held in the Egyptian resort of El Gouna. If you are traveling with checked luggage and have a connecting flight in Brazil, the United States or Canada, be sure to collect your luggage for customs control in these countries. Several notable buildings surround the square including, the American University in Cairo's downtown campus, the Mogamma governmental administrative Building, the headquarters of the Arab League, the Nile Ritz Carlton Hotel, and the Egyptian Museum. It dates back to 1385, when Amir Jarkas el-Khalili built a large caravanserai, or khan. [35] During its initial, and most deadly waves, approximately 200,000 people were killed by the plague,[36] and, by the 15th century, Cairo's population had been reduced to between 150,000 and 300,000. The Association ran the festival for seven years until 1983. The area around present-day Cairo, especially Memphis, which was the old capital of Egypt, had long been a focal point of Ancient Egypt due to its strategic location just upstream from the Nile Delta. There are flyovers and bridges, such as the 6th October Bridge that, when the traffic is not heavy, allow fast[103] means of transportation from one side of the city to the other. You can identify yourself with your e-ticket number (bought online or through any travel agent or Air Namibia office), your name and flight details or your credit card which you used to pay for your ticket. [130] The famous Khan al-Khalili is a commercial hub which also integrated caravanserais (also known as khans). In 969, the Fatimid empire ruled over Egypt, and under the rule of Jawhar Al Saqili, a new fortified city northeast of Fustat was established. Some of the International Schools found in Cairo: Cairo has an extensive road network, rail system, subway system and maritime services. Being at the heart of Cairo, the square witnessed several major protests over the years. Much of the collection of the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, including the Tutankhamun collection, are slated to be moved to the new Grand Egyptian Museum, under construction in Giza and due to open by the end of 2020.[116][117]. Following the Muslim conquest in AD 640, the conqueror Amr ibn As settled to the north of the Babylon in an area that became known as al-Fustat. [143] Air quality measurements in Cairo have also been recording dangerous levels of lead, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and suspended particulate matter concentrations due to decades of unregulated vehicle emissions, urban industrial operations, and chaff and trash burning. Government statistics consider that the whole governorate is urban and the whole governorate is treated like as the metropolitan-city of Cairo. Trams in Greater Cairo and Cairo trolleybus are former modes of transportation but were closed. (A caravanserai is a hotel for traders, and usually the focal point for any surrounding area.) Cairo accounts for 11% of Egypt's population and 22% of its economy (PPP). This was al-Qatta'i ("the Quarters"), to the north of Fustat and closer to the river. The 12 teams are Algeria's GSP (Groupement Sportif des Petroliers), Angola's Petro de Luanda (Clube Atletico Petroleos de Luanda), Cameroon's FAP (Forces Armees et Police Basketball), Egypt's Zamalek, Madagascar's GNBC (Gendarmerie Nationale Basketball Club), Mali's AS Police (Association Sportive de la Police Nationale), Morocco's AS Sale (Association Sportive de Sale), … Today, Greater Cairo is the centre for many government offices governing the Egyptian educational system, has the largest number of educational schools, and higher education institutes among other cities and governorates of Egypt. Khan el-Khalili is an ancient bazaar, or marketplace adjacent to the Al-Hussein Mosque. [140] In 2020, the social media account "Assault Police" began to name and shame perpetrators of violence against women. Cairo's political influence diminished significantly after the Ottomans supplanted Mamluk power over Egypt in 1517. [33]:13 When he passed through the area again on his return journey in 1348 the Black Death was ravaging most major cities. plane, train, bus, car, ferry, bike share, driving and walking directions all in one search. Shabana won the World Open title four times and Ashour twice, although his recent form has been hampered by injury. [66][67] The goal of the government of the newly formed Kingdom of Egypt was not to delegitimize the other variant Quranic texts ("qira'at"), but to eliminate errors found in Qur’anic texts used in state schools. Snowfall is extremely rare; a small amount of graupel, widely believed to be snow, fell on Cairo's easternmost suburbs on 13 December 2013, the first time Cairo's area received this kind of precipitation in many decades. [103], In 2017 plans to construct two monorail systems were announced, one linking 6th of October to suburban Giza, a distance of 35 km (22 mi), and the other linking Nasr City to New Cairo, a distance of 52 km (32 mi).[105][106]. It stands in the Zamalek district on Gezira Island in the Nile River, in the city centre. [20], Sometimes the city is informally referred to as Kayro by people from Alexandria (IPA: [ˈkæjɾo]; Egyptian Arabic: كايرو).[21]. Angola is also seen as a main player against regional tensions and as a safeguard of maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea, where Spain has pledged to send a warship to fight piracy. [76] The British departed Cairo following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, but the city's rapid growth showed no signs of abating. [19] Cairo is also referred to as ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, which means Egypt in Coptic, the same way it's referred to in Egyptian Arabic. Cairo traffic is known to be overwhelming and overcrowded. It was enclosed by a circuit of walls, which were rebuilt in stone in the late 11th century AD by the vizir Badr al-Gamali,[126] parts of which survive today at Bab Zuwayla in the south and Bab al-Futuh and Bab al-Nasr in the north. [32][39][40] However, during the 16th and 17th centuries, Cairo remained an important economic and cultural centre. [44] By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two lower floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants. Connect with the definitive source for global and local news. Metro network covers Helwan and other suburbs. 2. Learn more about our apps With a population of over 9 million[9] spread over 3 085 km², Cairo is by far the largest city in Egypt. These documents were written from about 870 to 1880 AD and have been archived in various American and European libraries. [92] The areas, which are home to most of Cairo's embassies, are surrounded on the north, east, and south by the older parts of the city.
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