This gave the USN a 2-1 exchange ratio with the IJN in terms of ships and aircraft. [160] The Japanese were forced to watch helplessly as their garrisons in the Gilberts and then the Marshalls were crushed. Cherevko, "Hammer and Sickle against Samurai Sword" ch. Prisoners of War and Civilian American Citizens Captured and Interned by Japan in World War II: The Issue of Compensation by Japan", No government coercion in war's sex slavery: Abe, "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942", United States Army Center of Military History, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942, The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944, Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944-1945, The Soviet factor in ending the Pacific War, "The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia" compiled by Kent G. 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"The China-Japan War, 1931–1945". [228], According to official Chinese Nationalist statistics, losses to the regular National Revolutionary Army totaled 3,237,000, with 1,320,000 killed, 1,797,000 wounded, and 120,000 missing. Strength of the US Military in Asia and the Pacific as of war's end: Army: 1,770,036. After fanatic Japanese resistance, the Marines captured Aslito airfield in the south on 18 June. During the campaign, most of the Japanese aircraft based in the South Pacific were redeployed to the defense of Guadalcanal. [258] At least 20 million Chinese died during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). [161] The Japanese then developed a new plan, known as A-GO. [88] The pace of conquest was rapid: Bali and Timor also fell in February. [115] Midway was to be bait for the USN which would depart Pearl Harbor to counterattack after Midway had been captured. Its objective was to strike airfields on the chain of islands between Formosa and Okinawa, to prevent the Japanese reinforcing the defenses of Okinawa from that direction. In mainland China, the Japanese 3rd, 6th, and 40th Divisions, a grand total of around 120,000 troops, massed at Yueyang and advanced southward in three columns, attempting again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha. Although they managed to gain a foothold on the beaches, the defenders made them pay a high price for every advance inland. Figure is for Japanese aircraft only. Midway 2. Major campaigns and battlesEdit Miscellaneous Actions after the Battle of the Java Sea. In addition, Japan honored its neutrality treaty with the Soviet Union and ignored American freighters shipping millions of tons of military supplies from San Francisco to Vladivostok,[144] much to the consternation of its German ally. Singapore: Talisman Books. 1,500 colonial and 900 Dutch soldiers were killed in action. On 20 October 1944 the US Sixth Army, supported by naval and air bombardment, landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte, north of Mindanao. [106] Concurrently, the Doolittle Raid occurred in April 1942, where 16 bombers took off from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet, 600 miles (970 km) from Japan. [97] Two days later, further raids led to the destruction of the Cavite Naval Yard, south of Manila. Kuribayashi knew that he could not win the battle but hoped to inflict severe casualties so costly that it would slow the American advance on Japan and maybe give the Japanese some bargaining power. Facing them was the US Fifth Fleet under the command of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, which contained 15 fleet carriers and 956 aircraft. At its peak, the empire stretched throughout eastern China, southeast Asia, the islands of Oceania, and even the Aleutian islands in North America. [52] Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan–China Incident (日支事変, Nisshi Jihen) into the Greater East Asia War. For the rest of February, the Americans pushed north, and by 1 March, had taken two-thirds of the island. The Allies supported and organized an underground anti-Japanese resistance group, known as the Free Thai Movement, after the Thai ambassador to the United States had refused to hand over the declaration of war. Central Pacific: 95,800, 151,400, (247,200) p. 43. Wavell resigned from ABDACOM on 25 February, handing control of the ABDA Area to local commanders and returning to the post of Commander-in-Chief, India. Soviet Studies. The Asia-Pacific War The U.S. Pacific Fleet was knocked back on its heels by the Pearl Harbor attack, while coordinated Japanese attacks overran Southeast Asia and the southern Pacific. If the United States or Britain attacked first, the plans further stipulated the military were to hold their positions and wait for orders from GHQ. As 1944 began, the southwest Pacific was largely under Allied control. After the war, Japan lost all rights and titles to its former possessions in Asia and the Pacific, and its sovereignty was limited to the four main home islands and other minor islands as determined by the Allies. The soldiers of the Chinese Communist Party suffered 584,267 casualties, of which 160,603 were killed, 133,197 missing, and 290,467 wounded. Japanese submarine scouting lines that were supposed to be in place along the Hawaiian Islands were not completed on time, consequently the Japanese were unable to detect the American carriers. Both nations were exhausted by years of battles, bombings and blockades. [86], Hong Kong was attacked on 8 December and fell on 25 December 1941, with Canadian forces and the Royal Hong Kong Volunteers playing an important part in the defense. Papua 23 Jul 42 - 23 Jan 43. American losses were less serious than initially thought: the American aircraft carriers, which would prove to be more important than battleships, were at sea, and vital naval infrastructure (fuel oil tanks, shipyard facilities, and a power station), submarine base, and signals intelligence units were unscathed, and the fact the bombing happened while the US was not officially at war anywhere in the world[g] caused a wave of outrage across the United States. During February, the Fourteenth Army secured bridgeheads across the Irrawaddy on a broad front. The British Commonwealth land forces were drawn primarily from the United Kingdom, British India and Africa. The Americans then targeted the Musashi and sank it under a barrage of torpedo and bomb hits. [215], In February 1945 during the Yalta Conference the Soviet Union had agreed to enter the war against Japan 90 days after the surrender of Germany. French Indochinese forces faced Japanese forces in a coup in 1945. Two major British warships, HMS Repulse and HMS Prince of Wales, were sunk by a Japanese air attack off Malaya on 10 December 1941.[87]. It was fought from February 19 to March 26, 1945, over a tiny island measuring just 5 x 2.5 miles. [91], At the Battle of the Java Sea in late February and early March, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) inflicted a resounding defeat on the main ABDA naval force, under Admiral Karel Doorman. Moluccas: 2,600, 1,800, (4,400) [147] By 1945, sinkings of Japanese vessels had decreased because so few targets dared to venture out on the high seas. [252], 800,000 Japanese civilians[253] and over 2 million Japanese soldiers died during the war. The battle for Okinawa proved costly and lasted much longer than the Americans had originally expected. However, they met a fierce resistance. [171] Many of these survivors were subsequently lost when Taihō and Shōkaku were sunk by American submarine attacks. [223][224] Material losses were 188+ warships including 5 battleships, 11 aircraft carriers, 25 cruisers, 84 destroyers and destroyer escorts, and 63 submarines, plus 21,255 aircraft. The result was later dubbed the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot. [174], The Japanese assembled a force totaling four carriers, nine battleships, 14 heavy cruisers, seven light cruisers, and 35 destroyers. A month after the invasion of Saipan, the US recaptured Guam and captured Tinian. She would, in fact, sortie for Midway after just three days of repairs to her flight deck, with civilian work crews still aboard, in time to be present for the next decisive engagement. Following the Declaration by United Nations (the first official use of the term United Nations) on 1 January 1942, the Allied governments appointed the British General Sir Archibald Wavell to the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM), a supreme command for Allied forces in Southeast Asia. French Indochina: 7,900, 4,500, (12,400) The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia in 1942 and 1943 also achieved little.[143]. On August 7, 1942, the Allied forces (consisting mainly of U.S. troops) launched an attack on the island of Guadalcanal with an aim to make an end to the Japanese threat to supply and communication lines between the United States and Australia. [209] Many military historians believe that the Okinawa campaign led directly to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as a means of avoiding the planned ground invasion of the Japanese mainland. But most importantly, the U.S. forces inflicted a serious blow to the Japanese naval and air power. This attack, codenamed Operation U-Go, was advocated by Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, the recently promoted commander of the Japanese Fifteenth Army; Imperial General Headquarters permitted it to proceed, despite misgivings at several intervening headquarters. In the Pacific, the Allies divided operational control of their forces between two supreme commands, known as Pacific Ocean Areas and Southwest Pacific Area. On 16 April, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division, led by Sun Li-jen. [165], Nafutan, Saipan's southern point, was secured on 27 June, after the Japanese troops trapped there expended themselves in a desperate attempt to break through. On the morning of 19 February 1945, 30,000 men of 4th, and 5th Marine Divisions under the command of Maj. General Harry Schmidt landed on the southeast coast of the island near Mt. On 22 June, the front of the northward advancing 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions widened to such a degree that General Holland Smith ordered the bulk of the Army's 27th Division to take over the line in the center, between the two US Marine divisions. World War II saw some of the bloodiest battles ever fought. [j] At the outbreak of the war in the Pacific, the Dutch admiral in charge of the naval defense of the East Indies, Conrad Helfrich, gave instructions to wage war aggressively. On 8 December 1941, Japanese bombers struck American airfields on Luzon. ", : "It was not an official term, but a term of incitement used by the Japanese media, under the guidance of the military, in order to stir up the Japanese people's sense of crisis...". Meanwhile, Japanese ground forces launched repeated attacks on heavily defended US positions around Henderson Field, in which the Japanese suffered appalling casualties. The Japanese mobilized 34th, 47th, 64th, 68th and 116th Divisions, as well as the 86th Independent Brigade, for a total of 80,000 men to seize Chinese airfields and secure railroads in West Hunan by early April. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of MacArthur, who became Supreme Commander, South West Pacific. However these were not operational commands. However, the battle was fought exclusively by aircraft â none of the ships involved in the battle shot at the enemy ship. Conflicts between Chinese Communist and Nationalist forces vying for territory control behind enemy lines culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941, effectively ending their co-operation. Australian and US forces attacked their fortified positions and after more than two months of fighting in the Buna–Gona area finally captured the key Japanese beachhead in early 1943. Kevin Blackburn, Karl Hack. The US Sixth Army continued its advance from the east, while the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island. [47][48][49], The Pacific War saw the Allies pitted against Japan, the latter aided by Thailand and to a lesser extent by the Axis allies, Germany and Italy. When the Americans arrived, he would concentrate his scattered forces to defeat them. What had been for so long a war between two countries now became part of a much wider Pacific conflict. The Japanese lost all 4 carriers, 11 destroyers, 10 cruisers and 3 battleships, and 12,000 men. The Battle of Iwo Jima was a major battle of World War II in the Pacific and occurred from February 19th to March 26th, 1945. 3.8 million Chinese military deaths (1937–45; 3.2 million Nationalist/-allied and 580,000 Communist). At critical stages of the Guadalcanal, Saipan, and Leyte campaigns, thousands of Japanese troops were killed or diverted from where they were needed. Slim feared that the Japanese would defend Rangoon house-to-house during the monsoon, which would commit his army to prolonged action with disastrously inadequate supplies, and in March he had asked that a plan to capture Rangoon by an amphibious force, Operation Dracula, which had been abandoned earlier, be reinstated. The campaign opened with a landing on the small island of Tarakan on 1 May. The 69 aircraft from the two Japanese carriers succeeded in sinking the carrier Lexington and damaging Yorktown. Ruas, Óscar Vasconcelos, "Relatório 1946-47", AHU. On that day, the ABDA forces intercepted the invading Japanese in the Java Sea with an aim to halt their advance in the Dutch East Indies (today’s Indonesia). Both of her attacks hit Yorktown and put her out of action. This information was passed to the three American carriers and a total of 116 carrier aircraft, in addition to those from Midway, were on their way to attack the Japanese. The United States and its territories, including the Philippine Commonwealth, entered the war after being attacked by Japan. As the Japanese troops converged on Manila, General Douglas MacArthur began executing plans to make a final stand on the Bataan Peninsula and the Island of Corregidor in order to deny the use of Manila Bay to the Japanese. [187] In February, a total of 21,000 Japanese troops were deployed on Iwo Jima. In the six-month war of attrition, the Japanese had lost as a result of failing to commit enough forces in sufficient time.[126]. Iwo Jima was one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Americans during the Pacific War, the Japanese fought to the last man. The Imperial Japanese Army began preparations for the Battle of West Hunan in March 1945. The United States used the ensuing period to turn its vast industrial potential into increased numbers of ships, planes, and trained aircrew. A force, under the command of Admiral Seiichi Itō, consisting of the battleship Yamato, the light cruiser Yahagi and eight destroyers was assembled. Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor. Thus, only in 1944 did the US Navy begin to use its 150 submarines to maximum effect: installing effective shipboard radar, replacing commanders deemed lacking in aggression, and fixing the faults in the torpedoes. The IJN and IJA together lost some 45,125 aircraft.[255]. Operation Ichi-go created a great sense of social confusion in the areas of China that it affected. [161] The four Japanese air strikes involved 373 carrier aircraft, of which 130 returned to the carriers. Following this period, MacArthur went to Tokyo to oversee the post-war development of the country. The US thereby reversed its opposition to unrestricted submarine warfare. In the air, American aircraft downed over 600 Japanese aircraft while only losing 123 of their own. In the South Western Pacific the Allies now seized the strategic initiative for the first time during the War and in June 1943, launched Operation Cartwheel, a series of amphibious invasions to recapture the Solomon Islands and New Guinea and ultimately isolate the major Japanese forward base at Rabaul. [149][150][full citation needed] The Japanese losses, 130 submarines in all,[151] were higher. Biological weapons used by Japan killed around 500,000 Chinese. Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. Army casualties of more than 4,600 dead and 18,000 wounded were almost equaled by 3,200 Marines dead and 13,700 wounded. On 16 February paratroopers and amphibious units assaulted the island fortress of Corregidor, and resistance ended there on 27 February. In October 1944, General Douglas MacArthur and his Sixth Army returned to the Phillipines... January-March 1945: Philippines Campaign. [77] The Japanese had gambled that the United States, when faced with such a sudden and massive blow and loss of life, would agree to a negotiated settlement and allow Japan free rein in Asia. [238] These four alone sank 420,467 gross tons of Allied shipping. On 9 December 1941, after Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, China finally declared war against Japan. Meanwhile, Japanese aircraft had all but eliminated Allied air power in Southeast Asia and were making air attacks on northern Australia, beginning with a psychologically devastating but militarily insignificant bombing of the city of Darwin on 19 February, which killed at least 243 people. The two Allied attacks met on 22 June, breaking the Japanese siege of Imphal. [227] Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Filipino civilians died due to either war-related shortages, massacres, shelling, and bombing. His small force of submarines sank more Japanese ships in the first weeks of the war than the entire British and US navies together, an exploit which earned him the nickname "Ship-a-day Helfrich".
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