[615] According to Caddick-Adams, no Waffen-SS served under Rommel in Africa at any time and most of the activities of Rauff's detachment happened after Rommel's departure. [85] Rommel and Hitler had a close and genuine, if complicated, personal relationship. He grasped the significance of an improvement or an invention very quickly and often added to it. However, Hitler viewed the North African campaign primarily as a way to assist his Italian allies, not as an objective in and of itself. [388][389][390][391] To strengthen the story, Hitler ordered an official day of mourning in commemoration of his death. Teile des Kommentars Zimmermanns kurz vor dem Tor zum 3:2 wurden im Jahre 1987 für den Song „Okay!“ von der Gruppe O.K. Nevertheless, the riflemen took few prisoners, and the delay imposed by the tirailleurs forced the Panzers to advance unsupported until Rommel was ordered to halt for fear of coming under attack by Stukas. Two attempts were made, the first being Operation Flipper in North Africa in 1941, and the second being Operation Gaff in Normandy in 1944. Fuel supply was problematic throughout the campaign, as no petrol was available locally; it had to be brought from Europe by tanker and then carried by road to where it was needed. [593] As the Germans appeared in 1941, Jews initially feared the Germans but when things calmed down, they sold merchandise to the German and thus improved their business situation. [257] Meanwhile, the British 1st and 7th Armoured Division had broken through the German defences and were preparing to swing north and surround the Axis forces. Am 16. (Goebbels' diary, after the assassination), Erwin Rommel: "During the whole of this period my bitterest enemy was Goering. [373] Remy writes that even more important than Rommel's attitude to the assassination is the fact Rommel had his own plan to end the war. Running low on fuel, Rommel assumed a defensive posture, forming "the Cauldron". He found that taking initiative and not allowing the enemy forces to regroup led to victory. Die Plauderecke bietet allen Besuchern von Baby-Vornamen.de einen Ort, um ungestört über schöne Vornamen, die Schwangerschaft oder andere Dinge zu plaudern. In October 1933 he was promoted to Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) and given his next command, the 3rd Jäger Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment, stationed at Goslar. [129][130][131] The number of Black civilians and prisoners mass murdered is estimated at around 100[132] According to Butler and Showalter, Rouen fell to the 5th Panzer Division, while Rommel advanced from the Seine towards the Channel. [240] Physically exhausted and suffering from a liver infection and low blood pressure, Rommel flew home to Germany to recover his health. [651], In the wake of the successful British offensive in November 1942 and other military reverses, the Propaganda Ministry directed the media to emphasize Rommel's invincibility. [178][179], Auchinleck launched Operation Crusader, a major offensive to relieve Tobruk, on 18 November 1941. When Rommel lost faith in the final victory and Hitler's leadership, Hitler and Goebbels tried to find an alternative in Manstein to remedy the fighting will and "political direction" of other generals but did not succeed. [301] All this made the German command structure in France in disarray during the opening hours of the D-Day invasion. [241][242] General Georg Stumme was left in command in Rommel's absence. Dezember 1966 in Hamburg) war ein deutscher Radio-Reporter.Berühmt wurde seine Radioreportage des Endspieles der Fußballweltmeisterschaft am 4. While nearly all military practitioners acknowledge Rommel's excellent tactical skills and personal bravery, some, such as U.S. major general and military historian David T. Zabecki of the United States Naval Institute, considers Rommel's performance as an operational level commander to be highly overrated. Conversely, as the Italian command had control over the supplies of the forces in Africa, they resupplied Italian units preferentially, which was a source of resentment for Rommel and his staff. Other notable evidence includes the papers of Rudolf Hartmann (who survived the later purge) and Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, who were among the leaders of the military resistance (alongside Rommel's chief of staff General Hans Speidel, Colonel Karl-Richard Koßmann, Colonel Eberhard Finckh and Lieutenant Colonel Caesar von Hofacker). Szymon Datner Wydawn. "[471], According to Maurice Remy, orders issued by Hitler during Rommel's stay in a hospital resulted in massacres in the course of Operation Achse, disarming the Italian forces after the armistice with the Allies in 1943, but according to Remy Rommel treated his Italian opponents with his usual fairness, requiring that the prisoners should be accorded the same conditions as German civilians. [326] Der Spiegel comments that Rommel was simply in denial about what happened around him. According to Satloff Afrika Korps soldiers plundered Jewish property all along the Libyan coast. [135] On 17 June, 7th Panzer was ordered to advance on Cherbourg, where additional British evacuations were under way. [363] Additionally, Goerdeler had written down Rommel's name on a list as potential Reich President (according to Stroelin, they had not managed to announce this intention to Rommel yet and he probably never heard of it until the end of his life). His tactical prowess and decency in the treatment of Allied prisoners earned him the respect of opponents including Claude Auchinleck, Archibald Wavell, George S. Patton, and Bernard Montgomery. It was intended to join these barriers to form a continuous line", "Burgdorf had with him copies of the interrogations of von Hofacker, von Stülpnagel and Speidel, along with a letter written by Keitel ostensibly dictated by Hitler himself. The controversy was described by the political scientist John Mearsheimer, who concluded that, by "manipulating history", Liddell Hart was in a position to show that he was at the root of the dramatic German success in 1940. Rommel, who believed that the lives of his soldiers should never be squandered needlessly, was stunned. [58][51] The regiment was involved in quelling riots and civil disturbances that were occurring throughout Germany at this time. [585][586], According to the publication Jewish Communities of the World edited by Anthony Lerman, in 1942 under the German occupation, the Benghazi quarter that housed Jewish population was plundered and 2000 Jews were deported across the desert, out of which circa a fifth have perished[587] Malka Hillel Shulewitz in Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab writes that up to 1945, the only anti-Jewish riots since centuries in Libya happened during German occupation and plunder in Banghazi[588] The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History by Martin Gilbert state that that German occupation led to first anti-Jewish pogrom in 1942 and subsequent plunder of the Jewish district alongside of expulsion of Jews[589] The Moment magazine in an article "Once upon a time in Libya" published in May 1987 stated that "on orders from the German military commander, the Axis forces, in 1942, plundered Jewish shops and deported 2,600 Benghazi Jews to Giado". [256] The delay proved costly in terms of his ability to get his forces out of Egypt. In the autumn of 1941 and early winter of 1941/1942, he was mentioned in the British press almost daily. Furthermore, another witness report describes how Indian and black soldiers were barred from seeking cover in shelters during Allied bombings. Zimmermanns legendärer vierfacher Tooor!-Schrei wird heutzutage mehr als je zuvor in vielen deutschen Fußballstadien nach einem Treffer der Heimmannschaft als Einleitung der Torjingle eingespielt. Bonner Fellers, the US diplomat in Egypt, was sending detailed reports to the US State Department using a compromised code. Rommel obtained the command he aspired to, despite having been earlier turned down by the army's personnel office, which had offered him command of a mountain division instead. Look at North Africa, the Arab-Israeli wars, and all the rest of them. [140] Disagreeing with the orders of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW, German armed forces high command) to assume a defensive posture along the front line at Sirte, Rommel resorted to subterfuge and insubordination to take the war to the British. After a day of fierce fighting on 31 March, the Germans captured Mersa El Brega. The British briefly seized Sollum, Fort Capuzzo, and the important Halfaya Pass, a bottleneck along the coast near the border between Libya and Egypt. Martin Gilbert, Macmillan, 1990 page 147 "'German occupation led to the first anti – Jewish pogrom in 1942(...) 1942 During German occupation quarter sacked and looted ; 2000 Jews deported across the desert", In the Trenches: Selected Speeches and Writings of an American Jewish Activist, 2008, page 148, Scientia Militaria vol 40, no 3, 2012, pp.200–221 Changing Attitudes among South African Prisoners of War towards their Italian Captors during World War II, 1942–1943 Karen Horn, Narratives from North Africa: South African prisoner-of-war experience following the fall of Tobruk, June 1942, Historia vol.56 n.2 Durban Nov. 2011, Karen Horn, Robert Satloff Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands 2006 page 44. [140] He was promoted to Generalleutnant three days later and flew to Tripoli on 12 February. [375][376][377] By normal procedure, this would lead to Rommel's being brought to Roland Freisler's People's Court, a kangaroo court that always decided in favour of the prosecution. [43] The armies continued to skirmish in open engagements throughout September, as the static trench warfare typical of the First World War was still in the future. [573] According to other historians, Rommel's Italian responsibility ended on 19 October 1943, when Northern Italy was left under Kesselring's authority, and Rommel received his new mission as Inspector General of Defence in the West on 5 November. Pimlott: His qualities of leadership were high. [519][520] According to Curtis and Remy, 120,000 Jews lived in Algeria, 200,000 in Morocco, about 80,000 in Tunisia. [487] In Normandy though, when they had already become the Indische Freiwilligen Legion der Waffen SS, he visited them and praised them for their efforts (while they still suffered general disrespect within the Wehrmacht). [608] These are the kinds of soldiers we need. [614] Historian Clemens Vollnhals writes that use of Jews by Afrika Korps as forced labour is barely known, but it did happen alongside persecution of Jewish population(although on smaller scale than in Europe) and some of the labourers have died. [337] Reuth, based on Jodl's testimony, reports that Rommel forcefully presented the situation and asked for political solutions from Hitler, who rebuffed that Rommel should leave politics to him. The 25th Panzer Regiment and a battery of 88 mm (3.5 in) anti-aircraft guns were called in to support, and the British withdrew. Karl-Heinz Frieser: Blitzkrieg-Legende, der Westfeldzug 1940, 2. [198] The British had 900 tanks in the area, 200 of which were new Grant tanks. He sent infantry across in rubber boats, appropriated the bridging tackle of the 5th Panzer Division, personally grabbed a light machine gun to fight off a French counterattack supported by tanks, and went into the water himself, encouraging the sappers and helping lash together the pontoons. Kriegsverbrechen, koloniale Massengewalt und Judenverfolgung in Nordafrika, 1940–1943 in:ZfGen Zeitschrift für Genozidforschung, page 83 – 122 [N 3][N 4][N 5][N 6] This was a compromise: Rommel now commanded the 7th and 15th armies; he also had authority over a 20-kilometer-wide strip of coastal land between Zuiderzee and the mouth of the Loire. [664] His egalitarianism extended to people of other races:[665] in replying to white South African officers' demands that the black POWs should be housed in separated compounds, he refused, commenting that the black soldiers wore the same uniforms and had fought alongside the whites and thus were their equals. Horn writes that both German and Italian forces did not view black and coloured prisoners as regular troops; and "we do know that German and Italian treatment of black Allied soldiers was for the most part dreadful". William B. BoardmanReview of Ralf Georg Reuth, Rommel: The End of a Legend. [751][752] Perry and Massari note that the majority of historians continue to describe Rommel as a brilliant, chivalrous commander. [443][455][456][457][self-published source?] [250], Montgomery, seeing his armoured brigades losing tanks at an alarming rate, stopped major attacks until the early hours of 2 November, when he opened Operation Supercharge, with a massive artillery barrage. [120] The reason for this decision is still a matter of debate. [249] Rommel brought the 21st Panzer and Ariete Divisions north on 26 October, to bolster the sector. Entschuldigen Sie die Begeisterung, die Fußballlaien werden uns für verrückt erklären …“ Gemeint war Toni Turek, der Torhüter der deutschen Mannschaft. [477] Other authors argue that generosity to opponents was a natural trait of the man. [490] Reuth comments that Rommel ensured that he and his command would act decently (shown by his treatment towards the Free French prisoners considered partisans by Hitler, the Jews and the coloured men), while distancing himself from Hitler's racist war in the East and deluding himself that Hitler was good, only the Party big shots were evil. [60] In 1919 he was briefly sent to Friedrichshafen on Lake Constance, where he restored order by "sheer force of personality" in the 32nd Internal Security Company, which was composed of rebellious and pro-communist sailors. By Gerhard Schreiber, page 49, Beck, 1996. Rommel was given a choice between committing suicide, in return for assurances that his reputation would remain intact and that his family would not be persecuted following his death, or facing a trial that would result in his disgrace and execution; he chose the former and committed suicide using a cyanide pill. He later said the decision to delay was what he most regretted from his time in Africa. He had left France on 5 June and was at home on the 6th celebrating his wife's birthday. On 28 October, Montgomery shifted his focus to the coast, ordering his 1st and 10th Armoured Divisions to attempt to swing around and cut off Rommel's line of retreat. Bernhard again cites discussion among the German and Italian authorities about Rommel's position regarding countermeasures against local resurrection (according to them, Rommel wanted to eliminate the danger at all costs) to show that Rommel fundamentally approved of Italian policy in the matter. According to Hartmann, by the end of May, in another meeting at Hartmann's quarters in Mareil–Marly, Rommel showed "decisive determination" and clear approval of the inner circle's plan. [602] His position on the matter of POWs did not show effect on the way they were treated in camps though. [283][656] In May 1944 the German newsreels reported on Rommel's speech at a Wehrmacht conference, where he stated his conviction that "every single German soldier will make his contribution against the Anglo-American spirit that it deserves for its criminal and bestial air war campaign against our homeland." [47], After the end of the First World War, the couple settled initially in Stuttgart, and Stemmer and her child lived with them. Journalist Alain Aka states simply that he was executed by one of Rommel's soldiers and his body was driven over by tank. In the latter case, the government would claim that he died a hero and bury him with full military honours, and his family would receive full pension payments. [352][353][354][355][356][357][358] Writer Ernst Jünger commented: "The blow that felled Rommel ... robbed the plan of the shoulders that were to be entrusted the double weight of war and civil war - the only man who had enough naivety to counter the simple terror that those he was about to go against possessed. The Museum states that Rommel was certainly aware that planning was taking place, even if his reaction to it isn't recorded, and while the main proposed Einsatzgruppen were never set in action, smaller units did murder Jews in North Africa. [222] The fortress fell on 29 June. [51] Rommel achieved this remarkable success by taking advantage of the terrain to outflank the Italian forces, attacking from unexpected directions or behind enemy lines, and taking the initiative to attack when he had orders to the contrary. [611] Commenting on Rommel's conquest of Tunisia, Marvin Perry writes that: "The bridgehead Rommel established in Tunisia enabled the SS to herd Jews into slave labor camps. Rommel did not directly intervene, though he advised the Italian authorities to do whatever was necessary to eliminate the danger of riots and espionage; for the German general, the rear areas were to be kept "quiet" at all costs. Unknown to Rommel, his troops passed within 6 kilometres (4 mi) of a major British supply dump. Auf der regionalen Jobbörse von inFranken finden Sie alle Stellenangebote in Coburg und Umgebung | Suchen - Finden - Bewerben und dem Traumjob in Coburg ein Stück näher kommen mit jobs.infranken.de! Markante Sätze daraus werden bis zum heutigen Tag zitiert. – Dennis Showalter – On 21 November, Hitler gave Kesselring overall command of the Italian theatre, moving Rommel and Army Group B to Normandy in France with responsibility for defending the French coast against the long anticipated Allied invasion. He had entrusted himself to me and would never forget me for my excellent advice. This measure was accompanied by shooting, also in Benghazi, of some Jews guilty of having welcomed the British troops, on their arrival, treating them as liberators. [372], Historian Peter Lieb considers the memorandum, as well as Eberbach's conversation and the testimonies of surviving resistant members (including Hartmann) to be the three key sources that indicate Rommel's support of the assassination plan. Zbrodnie Wehrmachtu na jeńcach wojennych armii regularnych w II wojnie światowej [217] Indeed, Allied strategists feared that if Rommel captured Egypt, he would next overrun the Middle East before possibly linking up with the forces besieging the Caucasus. [507] Caron and Jörg Müllner, his co-author of the ZDF documentary Rommel's treasure (Rommels Schatz) tell Die Welt that "Rommel had nothing to do with the treasure, but his name is assocỉated with everything that happened in the war in Africa. [68] During this period Rommel indulged his interest in engineering and mechanics by learning about the inner workings and maintenance of internal combustion engines and heavy machine guns. [560] The website of the National Federation of Volunteer Servicemen (F.N.C.V., France) states that N'Tchoréré was pushed against the wall and, despite protests from his comrades and newly liberated German prisoners, was shot by the SS. Auflage, München, Oldenburg, 1996 (Operationen des zweitem Weltkriegs, Band 2), sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorrow2010 (, Dominique Lormier: Les crimes nazis lors de la libération de la France (1944–1945), Patton And Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century – Dennis Showalter – 1996, Hitler's Army: The men, machines and organisation 1939–1945, sfn error: no target: CITEREFTerracina2016 (, The Jewish Communities of the World by Anthony Lerman,pages 100–101, Palgrave Macmillan UK,1989, Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands edited by Malka Hillel Shulewitz page 218 Appendix 2, The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization: 4,000 Years of Jewish History According to Remy, Manfred Rommel recounts that his father knew about and privately disagreed with the government's anti-semitism, but by this time, he had not actively campaigned for them. [322], At least initially, Rommel opposed assassinating Hitler. [272] The fighting there continued on for another two months, until 13 May 1943, when General Messe surrendered the Armeegruppe Afrika to the Allies. [279] Finally, Rundstedt, who only respected Rommel grudgingly (he called him Field Marshal Cub),[280][281] intervened and supported Rommel's request for being made a commander. The terrain left Rommel with no choice but to follow a similar tactic as he had at previous battles: the bulk of the forces attempted to sweep around from the south while secondary attacks were launched on the remainder of the front. [155][156] Food and fresh water were also in short supply, and it was difficult to move tanks and other equipment off-road through the sand. Later in the day, Rundstedt received authorisation to move additional units in preparation for a counterattack, which Rundstedt decided to launch on 7 June. Non-European soldiers were mistreated and several were shot if they were giving the captors troubles. [118] The following day, the British launched a counterattack, meeting the SS Totenkopf with two infantry battalions supported by heavily armoured Matilda Mk I and Matilda II tanks in the Battle of Arras. Depending on the case, Hitler manipulated or exacerbated the situation in order to benefit himself,[402][716][N 28] although he originally had no intent of pushing Rommel to the point of destruction. 23 to 28 November according to Mellenthin. Falls ein Verkäufer in den USA oder Großbritannien ansässig ist, kann er das eBay-Programm zum weltweiten Versand (GSP) nutzen. [673] In 1944, Rommel himself told Ruge and his wife that Hitler had a kind of irresistible magnetic aura ("magnetismus") and was always seemingly in an intoxicated condition. [504], On the other hand, Christopher Gabel remarks that Richards Evans seems to attempt to prove that Rommel was a war criminal by association but fails to produce evidence that he had actual or constructive knowledge about said crimes. [542][543] Bewley remarks that the shooting of a prisoner who does not behave as a prisoner is a legal option; however, this act was brutal because the officer did not have a gun. The German consul general in Tripoli consulted with Italian state and party officials about possible countermeasures against the natives, but this was the full extent of German involvement. 7th Panzer was given six days' leave, during which Rommel was summoned to Berlin to meet with Hitler. Patrick Bernhard, Im Rücken Rommels. [150] Splitting his force into three groups, Rommel resumed the advance on 3 April. Although Rommel was the dominating personality in Normandy with Rundstedt willing to delegate most of the responsibilities to him (the central reserve was Rundstedt's idea but he did not oppose to some form of coastal defense, and gradually came under the influence of Rommel's thinking), Rommel's strategy of an armor-supported coastal defense line was opposed by some officers, most notably Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg, who was supported by Guderian. [103] Rommel received a promotion to a general's rank from Hitler ahead of more senior officers. [466](Upon which Schwarzkopf also comments "Rommel had a feel for the battlefield like no other man. [233] Expecting an attack sooner rather than later, Montgomery fortified the Alam el Halfa ridge with the 44th Division, and positioned the 7th Armoured Division about 15 miles (24 km) to the south. [687] (Even when informed of Rommel's involvement in the plot, hurt and vengeful,[29] Hitler at first wanted to retire Rommel,[717] and eventually offered him a last-minute chance to explain himself and refute the claims, which Rommel apparently did not take advantage of. While Rommel was at Kasserine at the end of January 1943, the Italian General Giovanni Messe was appointed commander of Panzer Army Africa, renamed the Italo-German Panzer Army in recognition of the fact that it consisted of one German and three Italian corps. [333] According to Reuth, the reason Lucie Rommel did not want her husband to be associated with any conspiracy was that even after the war, the German population neither grasped nor wanted to comprehend the reality of the genocide, thus conspirators were still treated as traitors and outcasts.
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